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Newcomen atmospheric engine
The atmospheric engine invented by Thomas Newcomen in 1712, often referred to simply as a Newcomen engine, was the first practical device to harness the power of steam to produce mechanical work.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Science Museum – Home – Atmospheric engine by Francis Thompson, 1791 )〕 Newcomen engines were used throughout Britain and Europe, principally to pump water out of mines. Hundreds were constructed through the 18th century.
James Watt's later engine design was an improved version of the Newcomen engine that roughly doubled fuel efficiency. Many atmospheric engines were converted to the Watt design, for a price based on a fraction of the savings in fuel. As a result, Watt is today better known than Newcomen in relation to the origin of the steam engine.
==Precursors==
Prior to Newcomen a number of small steam devices of various sorts had been made, but most were essentially novelties.〔(University of Rochester, NY, ''The growth of the steam engine'' online history resource, chapter one. )〕 Around 1600 a number of experimenters used steam to power small fountains working something on the principle of a coffee percolator. First a container was filled with water, then heated to make it boil; the steam generated displaced the water, forcing it up a pipe that reached down to the bottom of the water so that it spurted out of a nozzle on top of the container. These devices would have been limited in their effectiveness and could only serve to demonstrate a principle.
In 1662 Edward Somerset, second Marquess of Worcester, published a book containing several ideas he had been working on.〔(Century of Inventions )〕 One was for a steam-powered pump to supply water to fountains; the device alternately used a vacuum and steam pressure. Two containers were alternately filled with steam, then sprayed with cold water making the steam condense; this produced a vacuum that would draw water through a pipe up from a well to the container. A fresh charge of steam under pressure then drove the water from the container up another pipe to a higher-level header before being condensed and the cycle repeated. By working the two containers alternately, the delivery rate to the header tank could be increased.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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